The International Guide of Foreign Currency Managementby Shoup Research Paper

The International Guide of Foreign Currency Managementby Shoup - Research Paper Example (Goldstein, 1992) Currency and its management determine the economical footing of the State and as such must be strictly controlled by the Government. Strength and value of a States currency is affected by several contributing factors. These factors may be intentionally implemented or developed as a result of external impact. This was seen in South Africa in the 1980’s when the price of Gold had significantly fallen in addition to other financial challenges faced by the government during the same period. As a result what was seen in South Africa was a drastic devaluation of the Rand in comparison to the American dollar. (Murison 2003) South Africa never fully recovered from the devaluation of the Country’s currency. Currency management operates on three basic tenets according to JP Morgan’s â€Å"Active Currency Management for Institutional Investors†. These are; market dynamics which refer to the foreign exchange market where it is inefficient and offers potential alpha due to the high proportion of non-profit seeking participants. Secondly there is consistent return which requires active currency managers who are able to generate consistent and modest returns throughout the market cycles. Finally there is diversification which refers to the returns of active currency managers who are not highly correlated with traditional asset classes. JP Morgan in Passive Currency Management (2011) identifies three ideal steps at the strategic level for passive currency management. Firstly, there is the need for the modelling of the foreign currency plan based on the risks identified in each business and determining a hedge ratio for the sensitive areas. Secondly, there is the need to cover the exposures of the assets through the use of various hedging techniques that are appropriate in the situation. Thirdly, there is the need to execute and monitor the plan with regards to transaction costs. JP Morgan emphasised that the most popular hedging te chnique for passive currency management is the use of forward currency contracts. Fabozzi (2008) assesses passive currency management techniques and identifies three main elements of this currency risk management approach. First of all, the management takes a standard currency hedging and roll it over through the life of an investment. Secondly, it is not flexible and cannot be changed even if external conditions change. Thirdly passive currency risk management involves the continuous conversion of the home currency to a given currency on a frequent basis. Currency risk exposure was later categorized into three groups by Zubulake, 1991who sought to determine preventative measures. These are; the translation which refers to the uncertainty of converting foreign denominated assets to local currency. Where there is uncertainty on the foreign market then the stability of the currency is threatened since sectors such as banking and real estate remains stagnated. The second category of ri sk exposure is that of transactional risk which detail the effects of fluctuations in exchange rates on revenues, expenses and profitability. Risky transactions have the potential to restrict the spending and trading ability of the population. Spending and trading being two of the main means of currency circulation will significantly impact on the Country’s economy when restricted. Thirdly, there is the economic exposure currency risks which assess the effects of fluctuations in a Country's currency over the long-term macro economics of the country, namely, prices, competition and export. As such, measures must be implemented to ensure that where there is exposure the

North American civilizations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

North American civilizations - Assignment Example Mississippi culture was actually a mound-building culture of Native Americans and it originated and flourished in the areas presently known as mid-western, eastern and southeastern United States around 800 CE to 1500 CE. The life at Mississippi began to flourish in the river valleys of Mississippi and Tennessee. Mississippian started rich food exchange thereby introducing the barter system which started impacting a lot in their society through networking and it is through the process of food exchange that they introduced in their culture, they flourished and made contacts with other cultures and provinces too. Maize-based agriculture was also an important attribute of the period and it supported a large population and craft specialization. The earthwork of the Mississippian culture was significant consisting of pyramid mounds or platform mounds and were generally square, rectangular and sometimes circular in shape. Domestic houses, temples or burial buildings were constructed on those mounds. Trade was widespread during this period and extended to far west to the Rockies, in north till the Great Lakes and to the Gulf of Mexico in the South and to the Atlantic Ocean in the East. The leadership of the Mississippian culture was great and influential. Within the culture, the leadership was hierarchy based and where one major centre with Mounds gives clear indication of control and influence over other lesser communities, it also clearly portrays a clear centralization of controlled combination of political or religious power in the hands of single Supreme or few others (US National Park Service, â€Å"The Mississippian and Late Prehistoric

Business Analysis Of Next Plc Economics Essay

Business Analysis Of Next Plc Economics Essay We plan to supply an complete lofty stage of repair to all our consumers to greeting them to Next, whether they are shopping in our elevated road, shopping centre or trade commons provisions, the Next Index, or online from side to side our website. Though our clientele prefer to supermarket with us, it should be secure, hospitable and simply reachable for all. We aspire to take action to consumers exacting desires from end to end the box up of actions we have in position, which we suppose chains all our consumers as well as individuals with further wants. P1Values and Objective: The ultimately objective of Next Plc is the delivery of sustainable long term growth in earnings per share. In the current economic environment, it will be very challenging to reverse this years deadline in EPS in the short term and for the year ahead EPS is again expected to reduce. Nevertheless, the board remains convinced that the groups long term objective is best achieved by continuation of the following strategies in its operating business. Improving and developing Next product ranges, success in which is reflected in total sales and like for kike sales performance. Ventura, which provides consumer services organization to regulars wishing to contract out their consumer phone organization and completion activates. Lipsy, which designs and sells its possess recognized younger womens manner goods from first to last extensive, trade and internet channels. Shareholders Influence: Bat always try to keep the commitment that they made with their investors. Under this, share holder can raise any question regarding the operation procedure of Next Plc. And the shareholders can even choose their Board of Director. P2: Shareholders Influence: Bat always try to keep the commitment that they made with their investors. Under this, share holder can raise any question regarding the operation procedure of Bat Plc. And the shareholders can even choose their Board of Director. P3: Responsibility of an organization and strategy Used for Next, company liability resources addressing type commerce connected societal, moral and ecological impacts and ensuring we jog our trade in a accountable way. We observe company accountability as a type constituent of how we behavior our commerce as we consider it makes good quality commerce brains. The areas we have recognized as having everyday jobs are: Our Suppliers we will jobs for helpful societal, moral and ecological improvements in our provide sequence Our Consumers we will job to make sure we gather or go above our consumers prospect from side to side the release of brilliant foods and service Our People we will job to offer a situation where our recruits are supported and appreciated, treated rather and in use worry of, listened to and are provoked to realize their full probable Community we will work to deliver value through our community contributions and support for charities and other organizations Environment we will work to keenly decrease the impacts of our on the business natural environment P4 Economic System The fundamental economic problem in any society is to provide a set of rules for allocating resources and/or consumption among individuals who cant satisfy their wants, given limited resources. The rules that each economic system provides function within a framework of formal institutions (e.g., laws) and informal institutions (e.g., customs). What and how much will be produced? Literally, billions of different outputs could be produced with societys scarce resources. Some mechanism must exist that differentiates between products to be produced and others that remain as either unexploited inventions or as individuals unfulfilled desires. How will it be produced? There are many ways to produce a desired item. It may be possible to use more labor and less capital, or vice versa. For whom will it be produced? Once a commodity is produced, some mechanism must exist that distributes finished products to the ultimate consumers of the product. The mechanism of distribution for these commodities differs by economic system. P5 Impact of Social welfare and Industrial policy In anticipation of ten years ago the term Welfare Work was a expression without meaning in the manufacturing world. In the present day it stands for a specific strategy on the part of employers which may bring about the explanation of many of the irritated problems of labor and resources. The leaven of this rule has already begun to job. A branch of wellbeing work from beginning to end which the business has had a great pressure on the people and the environment of the zone is that of countryside farming. At the time when wellbeing work was on track the environment of the industrial unit were like persons of most manufacturing plant life something but beautiful. Subsequent to the company has made its own goods attractive with lawns, undergrowth and vines, it trained the people of the locality, by lectures and demonstrations, the main beliefs of countryside farming. Consequently of this operation of education the industrial unit locality has been change from a region of stumble -down houses, powder plenty and tin cans to a locality of attractive homes and well set aside yards. P6 The impact of Macro-economic (Monetary and Fisca) l Strategy on the economy There are some differences in the economic effects of financial and economic rule, on the masterpiece of productivity, the helpfulness of the two kinds of rule in assembly the governments macroeconomic objectives, and also the time lags concerned for financial and fiscal rule changes to take effect. We will believe each of these in roll: Effects of Strategy on the Composition of National Output Economic strategy is often seen as incredible of a blunt rule implement upsetting all sectors of the economy even though in unusual ways and with a changeable contact. On the contrary, economic rule can be under attack to involve convinced groups (e.g. increases in resources -tested profit for low earnings households, reductions in the rate of company tax for small- middling sized enterprises, speculation allowances for businesses in sure regions) think as an example the effects of using either fiscal or economic strategy to reach a given raise in national earnings because actual GDP lies below probable GDP (i.e. there is a unnecessary output gap) (i) Pecuniary strategy expansion: Minor awareness rates will lead to an increase in customer and business capital expenses both of which increases national income. Since investment spending results in a larger capital stock, then incomes in the future will also be higher all the way through the impact on LRAS. (ii) Monetary policy extension: An extension in monetary rule adds unswervingly to AD but if financed by advanced government borrowing, this may consequence in advanced interest rates and lower investment. The net result is the same increase in current income. On the other hand, since investment expenses is minor, the investment stock is lower than it would have been, so that future incomes are inferior. In UK lots of multinational organization are operating, Many people from different part of the world also visited in UK for different purposes, if the global economy fall the business of UK based company also fall down. As a result they faces difficulties to earn profit and ultimately the shareholders suffer. P7 Perfect Competition: A market is said to be perfectly competitive when firms perceive that they individually have no noticeable influence on market price. The outcome in such an industry is efficient in the sense that the cost of the last unit of output (marginal cost) would just equal what consumers would be willing to pay for that unit. Perfect competition is a regarded as a benchmark market structure for evaluating other market structures. Market Structure and Competition: The market structures tells us about the environment within which an enterprise functions and the nature of external pressure on the enterprise. The elements of market structure that we look at are concentration ratio, stability of market shares, conditions of entry and exit of firms. FDI Policy Stability of Markets Shares A limitation of the above summary measures of concentration is that they ignore the dynamic changes in the market shares of individual firms. Market shares of dominant firms may increase or decline over time. Greater churning of market shares in given market suggests greater intensity of competition. P8 Market forces and organizational Response: Organizations always response positively toward market forces. The traditional way of management in NEXT had seemed to work successfully, but in todays rapidly changing environment, its ignorance of changes invited risks. The disadvantages of its highly centralized hierarchy and autocratic management style emerged and hindered effective decision making and thus affected its management; while its competitors reacted quickly to the changes and improved their performance to become competitive. The centralized structure didnt allow the store managers and employees to participate in the decision-making process. There was only one-way flow of communication. Employees opinions on a strategy or plan and customers feedback were barely received to the top management. Although Greenbury visited stores frequently to supervise the operations, he could only get false message due to the fear of him among the staff.   This unhealthy phenomenon stimulated the growth of a vicious circle: a poor decision was made based on the poor perception of the internal and external environment; false feedback or no feedback convinced the decision maker, in this case Greenbury, believe that the decision was sound and right and then another decision was made based on such assumptions. P9 Company Summary This segment presents the key details statistics, business explanation, and products services unfilled by the corporation. Key Competitors: This section first selects the competitors based on assets, sales, focus of business, or geographic achieve. Then all the competitors are profiled. Key Industry Strategies of Each Competitor: It talks about the present and future strategies of each business. All industry, marketing, monetary and governmental strategies are discussed here. Relative SWOT Psychiatry: Our comparative SWOT analysis is a valuable step in assessing your companys and you competitors strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. It offers powerful insight into the critical issues affecting a business. Comparative Financial Analysis: This section compares the recent financials of the company and its competitors. The financial performance of each segment of all the companies is also discussed here. The objective is to appraise the financial health of the company vis-à  -vis its competitors. The stock price comparison helps us in evaluating the performance of the company position versus its competitors from an investors standpoint. There is an imperative role for tobacco control advocates in the policy development process in authoritarian agencies. P10: International trade, economic integration and global market The selling and advertising of goods and services crossways national boundaries is known as worldwide trade. International trade is the spinal column of our modern, commercial world, as producers in various nations try to profit from an extended market, rather than be limited to selling within their own boundaries. There are many reasons that trade across national borders occurs, including lower construction costs in one region versus another, dedicated industries, lack or surplus of natural capital and purchaser tastes. One of the most contentious mechanism of global trade in the present day is the lower construction costs of on the rise nations. Both the United States and the European Union have forced severe limitations on imports from Asian nations to try to stem this tide. Obviously, a business that can pay its staff the equivalent of dollars a day, as compared to dollars an hour, has a discrete selling benefit. P11: Impact of two policies on European Union Discussion with UK SME commissioner bodies on familial and European matters consistently shows that the main issue for their members is regulation. The 2007 EU Observatory Survey found that 36% of SMEs within Europe reported that regulations acted as a restraint or had presented difficulties in the before two years. At the same time as progress has been at the EU level, for example on the encouragement of the Think Small First standard and the European Commissions promise to reduce organizational burdens by 25%, we think a much more ambitious set of measures should be introduced An additional important issue is access to finance, where we believe action should be focused on improving the demand side, in meticulous investment readiness, and the supply of modest amounts of finance for entrepreneurs who, for various reasons, are deemed to be a higher risk. In order to grow, SME must also have access to new markets. Generally, exporting firms have been found to benefit from greater efficiency growth than non-exporters. P12: Economic implications for the UK of entry into EMU The UK has to make a decision on membership of EMU in the next two years. The economic and fiscal regimes in the Euro Area and in the UK do not differ greatly. However, we argue that relationship of EMU will increase the steadiness of the economy and the credibility of the policy framework, and hence will enhance the prediction for growth and higher incomes and service. 3. Pricing Strategy: Develop Marketing strategy: do marketing analysis, segmentation, targeting, and positioning. Make marketing mix decision: define the product, distribution, and promotional tactics. Estimate the demand curve: understand how quality demanded varies with price. Calculate cost: include fixed and variable costs associated with the product. Understand environmental factors: evaluate likely competitor actions, understand legal constrains, etc. Set pricing objectives: For example, profit maximization, revenue maximization, or price stabilization. Determine pricing: using information collected in the above steps, steps, select a pricing method, develop the pricing structure, and define discounts. 4. a. a) Total Revenue: 1000000. b) Marginal Revenue: 1200000. c) Total Cost: 1000000. d) Marginal Cost: 800000. b. In order to cover the variable cost the company should produce in BEP that is the company should produce 7 units. c) If the sales price is reduce to 45000 and Marginal cost is 17500 then the profit will be reduce to 100000. d) This is a perfect competitive market. Conclusion: In the last few years, NEXT has experienced the serious declination from a successful market leader to a company struggling against acquisition. The flaws of its traditional formula for success laid some potential problems for the company developement yet it was some key strategic decisions that resulted in the failures. Decision making is a central part in management. Decision making process can be affected by both internal and external constraints such as inadequate or incorrect information about the problem, failure to identify the problem, resistance of employees to change,   poor quality management, lack of resources both financial and physical,   poor communication systems, lack of team work, the organizational; the time available to react, speed of competitor reaction, macro economic forces, changes in consumer preferences, changes in technology, availability and cost of information. Strategic decisions, as long term decisions, require a highly detailed analysis because of their high cost, significance to for a companys long-term development as well as an absence of information and uncertainty. Decisions like market expansion and purchase of Littlewoods stores were strategic decisions. The task of the top management is to concentrate on the strategic decisions. In cases where too much attention from top management is put on the daily operations and routine decisions, problems may occur. Too much emphasis is put on the short-term decisions, so less time and efforts are assigned to the long-term decision making. At the same time, top managements interference in low-level decision making will cause a lack of motivation among employees.  

The Feudal System :: essays research papers

"The Feudal System" The feudal system was a political, military, and economic system based on the holding of land. The system was developed since the whole entire basis of rule from all the civilizations before the Middle Ages was lost. Early Europe was in desperate need of such a system since they were constantly being raided by the Vikings and other outsiders. Man was lonely during the Middle Ages. Life was very harsh and everyone worked except the king. The usual life expectancy was 35. People lived in small farming communities. Everyone lived in constant fear of being raided by foreign invaders such as the Vikings. When they were not worrying about being invaded they were scared of plague and other living conditions. Man's position in the world was unknown. Knowledge, wealth, and governing body had to be recreated. Cities were far and few between and much less populated and developed like today's cities. The Middle Ages was a religious age. Man clung to God as creator. People painstakingly built churches. Religion was what was the most important to people for a long time, and to be excommunicated was horrible. As time progressed the feudal system was created. It was designed to divide the lands and protect from attack. The king first gave a fief or a piece of land to a royal vassal. As proof for this exchange in land a vassal would swear to the lord to be his man all the days of his life and protect him against "all men who may live or die." Next came investiture. Investiture was a symbolic gesture when a King or a lord presented a royal vassal or a vassal a stick, a small rod, or a clod of earth to show that he has given him a fief. Now this royal vassal was in charge of a huge piece of land. In order to defend it he would then divide his land into smaller pieces. He would take these smaller pieces and give them to warriors or who agreed to be his own vassals. Thus, the royal vassal became a lord to other vassals. The vassals now under this lord would now divide their lands and grant fiefs to warriors of their own. Last in the dividing of land was the knight whose parcel of land was too small to be divided. Everyone in the feudal system worked except the king.

Natural Science Study Guide

Time Determining the age of the earth: Identify the methods used for determining the age of the earth, what each method reveals, and when It Is appropriate to use each of them. Including: Principles of uniformity, Horizontally, Superimposition and Cross cutting relationships Erosion, Deposits and unconformity Radiometric dating, Carbon 14 Dating & use of the Geomagnetic Timescale Fossils: Define and differentiate between Paleontology and Archaeology Define fossils and identify/describe the different types that are commonly found.Explain the processes elated to the forming of various types of fossils (e. G. Molds & casts, how Petrified fossils are formed) Geological Time Scale: Eons: Identify the Eons and their associated major events. Eras: Identify the eras and their associated major events. Periods: Identify the various periods, their relationships to each other and the Eras, and their associated major events. Key will be to identify what does/doesn't belong in each time period. Ex ample 1: â€Å"What type of Organism would you NOT expect to see during the Devotion period?A) insects, B) plants growing on land, C) Jailers fishes, D) Mammals. Example 2: During which Era did the Dinosaurs dominate the land? A) Cenozoic, B) Mesozoic, C) Paleozoic, D) Permian. (Note, why, if included would Jurassic NOT be the correct answer? Think about it†¦ ) Video: How the Earth was Made What evidence did the â€Å"Burgess Shale† reveal? What effect did rolling Oxygen levels have on life In the oceans and on land? How were the coal deposits formed? When did the largest extinction of life ( >90%) occur and what do researchers think caused it?What emerged as the dominant species after this mass extinction? What is the relationship between diamonds and volcanoes? What do researchers believe killed off the dinosaurs? (hint, it's NOT the same thing that caused the largest extinction! ). What evidence is there to support this hypothesis? What is the â€Å"Tombstone Layer? † What group emerged as the dominant species after the dinosaurs went extinct? Why? What do Glaciers have to do with rock formations in Central Park? From: What Darwin Never Knew Video his start at being a naturalist? How did he develop his idea of â€Å"Decent with modification? What was the evidence that he used? What was Darning's view of â€Å"natural selection† and how it worked? What evidence did the â€Å"pocket mouse† of Arizona provide when the researchers started examining its genome? What did the â€Å"Human Genome† project reveal about our species relative to others, such as chickens, flies, corn, mice and monkeys? What is revealed through the process of embryonic development that supports the theory that we all have a common ancestor? What are Body Plan, switch and boss genes? What do they do? What evidence do we have of their roles and how they work?How did the researchers investigate them and what did their research reveal? What are the br oader implications of these findings? Evolution & Natural Selection: Chapter 21 Define and differentiate between Evolution and Natural Selection. What is natural selection and what role does it play in Evolution? Explain what is meant by â€Å"Survival of the fittest† (hint, it doesn't necessarily mean being the â€Å"strongest† or most athletic). Identify, and explain the various sources of genetic variability and the roles they play in evolution. What are â€Å"acquired† traits?How are they acquired and what effect do they have on evolution? What has to happen for advantages genes to be passed on to the next generation? What is the science of Epigenetic revealing about the interaction between the environment and our inherited genes (as well as what we pass on)? Natural Selection: Describe the role of â€Å"selecting agents† in natural selection and evolution. Be prepared to provide or identify examples of traits that can be (or have been) selected †Å"For† or â€Å"Against. † **What does the Hardy-Weinberg model represent and how is it used?For the Null Hypothesis of this model to be correct (I. E. No changes is occurring), a number of conditions MUST be met. Identify the conditions, explain what it would take to violate these conditions, and provide evidence and or examples f what happens in the â€Å"real world. † Does the â€Å"real world† fit this model? Why or why not? What are the implications of the Hardy-Weinberg model for Evolution? What evidence do we have that Evolution occurs in small steps. Explain not only the evidence, but how each example provides support for, or ties into the theory of Evolution.

Book Review †English as an International Language Essay

The blurb of this contribution to the scientific research of English states that this language does not only matter in the context of linguistics but also in other subcategories of science like â€Å"sociocultural, political and pedagogical† fields. The reason is seen in the matter of English being a lingua franca that is used in all areas of these studies and therefore the book’s goal is to take a closer look into the complexity of the international usage of English. The book is kept in a light tone of brown on the outside. On the cover there is a picture of a globe published in Digital Shock in 1997, obviously underlining the focus on inter-nationality. Title and Editor are kept in white. The book spine gives a short introduction about the focus and provides the reader with some quotes of well-known scholars like Janina Brutt-Griffler and Ryuko Kubota. At the beginning of the book, the lists of acknowledgments, contributors and abbreviations are located, followed by an overview by the editor Farzard Sharifian. The work is split into four parts namely: 1. Native/ Non native Divide: Politics, Policies and Practices; 2. EIL, Attitudes and Identity(ies); 3. EIL, Teacher Education and Language Testing: Gaps and Challenges; 4. The Scope of EIL: Widening, Tightening and Emerging Themes. All of the parts contain 3 essays, except the fourth chapter that provides five different endings. In order to give a brought overview, I will summarize each essay in short and name the convincing and the missing points. The introduction states that the focus of this book is â€Å"on communication rather than on the speakers’ nationality† (p. 5). The reason for this focus lies within the critique that English language teachers express while looking at the results of such a research. This reveals a unilateral measure, excluding the scientific field of English language teaching and underlining the focus on more political issues. However, it already gives a certain sense to the difference between English as an international language (EIL) and English as it is taught in school. This overview deepens on the following pages dealing with the difference of â€Å"politics, policies and practices† (p. 6) and the more precise definition of EIL. By looking closer on attitudes and identities, the author takes position in recent debates and controversies e. g. based on the â€Å"NS-NNS accent†. Even though he declares an assumption stating that â€Å"English native speakers have no difficulty understanding each other† (p. 8) to be wrong, he at the same time provides the readers with the pro and contra arguments in such a debate. Due to the fact of his entry being more or less an introduction, Sharifian succeeds in not going to far into detail but giving hints of what will be dealt with in the following. The starting chapter is mainly concerned with the politics influencing English as an international language. The first essay is contributed by Adrian Holliday, professor for linguistics at the Canterbury Christ Church University in the UK. He argues that English as a lingua franca cannot be dealt with on sociolinguistic grounds alone but must be seen as phenomenon of changing ownership. With this statement he does not question the lingua franca movement but rather points out possible problems resolving from this point of view (p. 21). After providing the reader with background knowledge of the movement establishes a distinction of native and non-native speakers based on the question whether or not this is a distinction to be made on linguistic or political foundation. In the end he comes to the conclusion that due to their distance to the language, non-native speakers are more critical about English as a lingua franca. With the combination of political and linguistic approaches, Holliday provides the reader with a real sense connection of the two fields and therefore this entry is an appropriate contribution to the subject of the book. The next essay is written by Sadia Ali, anthropological linguist from Zayet University. Her focus lies within the field of EIL in the Gulf Corporation Council (GCC) (p. 34). In order to do so she reflects upon the experience of English teachers within this council. This is a major contrast o the focus that Sharifian declared in the beginning of the work. However, by finding out that the employed people in this field are usually native speakers, Ali continues by analyzing their experiences within the alien culture (pp. 40-42). Through the research on the students perceptions, she also enlightens the flip side of the issue and comes to the conclusion that even though the qualification of a teacher does not depend on his/her being a native speaker, hiring processes are still unfair and not adjusted to the actual needs. Additionally, she proposes to give up older convictions of regarding correct English as an attribute of native speaker (pp. 51-52). Marko Modiano from the University of Stockholm takes the same line with the slight adjustment of rather concentrating on European language teaching which in his opinion failed. By providing the reader with tables that reveal the multilingualism in Europe and its state, he claims that the policy of staying with this system causes the failure of English language teaching (pp. 70-76). Even though the arguments seem convincing, Modiano totally neglects the opposite view of English being just used in order to simplify international economical or cultural processes. The second part of the book deals with the characteristics of EIL in particular. The first contribution by David Li, Associate Professor at the University of Hong Kong, aims to research the views of non- native speakers towards intelligibility and identity. In short the discussion whether native speaker based pedagogical models are useful or if pluricentricity should be the norm. Based on a combination of quantitative and qualitative data using a semi-structured questionnaire he comes to the conclusion that teachers should raise the awareness of their students for other varieties of English rather than sticking to a native-speaker based model in order to â€Å"encourage the learners’ confidences in their own English varieties† (p. 110). The sixth chapter is published by Enric Llurda is a Professor Applied Linguistics at the University of Lleida, Spain. His scrutiny is located within the fields of native models among second language users and teachers and their pervasiveness. He establishes a connection between non-native English speakers and the phenomenon of the Stockholm Syndrom (p. 119). He claims that non-native speaking English teachers are accepting proposals and formulation â€Å"that relegate to mere spectators and at times executioners of native speaker norms† (p. 119). After establishing a connection between these teacher and EIL, he further describes the attitudes between the two and comes to the conclusion that there is a â€Å"need to overcome non-native English speaking teachers and their subordination to native speakers models† (p. 28). Additionally, he provides possible solutions e. g. to gibe teachers more opportunities to develop their language skills. (pp. 130-131). EIL migrant teacher identities is the field of investigation of Bojana Petric, a lecturer at the Department of Language and Linguistics at the University of Essex. Taking into consideration the mobility of English language educators, she wants to give an overv iew into the role of a migrant teacher within his/hers classroom. Her results are based on interviews with four English teachers in Hungary. These interviews brought her to the conclusion that various factors have an influence on the teachers’ constructions of identities. However by admitting that e. g. gender, race or class have also impact to a certain extend she reveals that the research on this field is just one out of many to tackle the issue of migrant teachers (pp. 148-149). The third part of the entire book already gives an impression of more future oriented essays, aiming to improve backward conditions. The first essay subscribe to that and is written by Vaidehi Ramanathan, a Professor for Socio/Applied linguistics at the university of California, and Brian Morgan from the the York University in Toronto. From a more critical point of view the two argue that globalization makes the problem of classes and their inequality more complex than before and has therefore also an influence on teaching English to speakers of other Languages (TESOL). The interesting thing about this article is the structure of it. Both authors engage in some kind of dialogue and thus the arguments add up and reflect upon each other. Be that as it may they come to the conclusion that that globalization results in significant challenges for â€Å"new scholars and practitioners in TESOL† (p. 166-167) which at the same time help lead to new possibilites in ways of approach. While all preceding chapters deal with whole parts of the globe e. g. the Eastern bloc, chapter 9 focuses on preparation programs in Japan for English teachers. Aya Matsuda, Assistant Professor at Arizona State University, takes a stand in the debate about the Japanese action plan â€Å"to ‘cultivate Japanese with English abilities. (p. 169) and in how far World English and EIL are incorporated into such a program. In order to do so, she used a questionnaire for Universities having an accredited teacher preparation program to collect the information needed. After the evaluation she draws to a close that the current preparation programs are â€Å"attempting to increase their students’ awareness of the sociolinguistic complexi ty† (p. 87). However, it will take more time to further improve these programs and to make them a good instrument to change the teaching methods and hence our society. The test that almost every student of English has encountered during his studies is the TOEFL. For this reason, Sarah Zafar Khan, director of the Effat English Academy at Effat College in Saudi Arabia, puts tests like this in comparison to the notion of English as an international language. She basically questions the dominance of standard American variety of English and the parts of the TOEFL test. In short is there a hegemony or not. To provide a practical example she integrates a case study from Saudi Arabia (pp. 195-197). Through her research, she sums up that students are able to use English for communicative reasons, still, they are not explicitly acquainted to the standardized American English occurring in the TOEFL. Thus she demands a change in the system of English testing for non-native speakers (p. 204). In the fourth part of the book, Paul Roberts and Suresh Canagarajah (the first is a publisher of ELT books and worked as an English teacher in 8 countries, the other Professor for Language Learning at Pennsylvania State University) open up with a glance spoken English in an international encounter. In order to do so, they concentrate on a conversation between five non-native speaking persons, all of them with a different nationality. Through this procedure they find out that â€Å"ELF 2 speakers have the capacity to negotiate English when the context demands it. † (p. 224). Due to the fact that capacities like this have been left out of linguistic literature so far, the assumption may come up that this is just possible because of the special circumstances both authors created. Be that as it may, it reveals that the strategies of communication are based on the circumstances and not on capability of the speakers themselves. The twelfth chapter is written by Sandra Lee McKay, Professor for English at the University of San Francisco. She concentrates on the pragmatics and EIL pedagogy. The author desires more attention to the teaching of pragmatics in English as an EIL. Mainly paying attention to L2/L2 interactions, the foundation for her argument is built upon the hybridity of modern interactions in English (pp. 127-128). The outcome of her research is that non-native speakers of English are more likely to use constructions or words of their L1 systems. In cases such as this, she proposes the working out of a specific communicative strategy to clarify certain concepts of English (p. 251). The final chapter fourteenth chapter with scholarships and the role of English connected to it. Andy Kirkpatrick, Head of the English Department at the Hong Kong Institute for Education, considers â€Å"the implications of the rise of English as the international language of scholarship for the dissemination of indigenous knowledge. †(p. 255). The main source of his investigation is Chinese medicine and its international transition. With this he proves that a cultural property such as traditional medical procedures, are widely spread across the globe through the help of English language. Still he thinks that this is not a thread to the Chinese tradition because the medical procedures still vary even if they claim to be Chinese. In brief the change in Chinese medicine would have sooner or later anyway (pp. 266-268). The final chapter is contributed by Eric Anchimbe, assistant Professor of English Linguistics at the University of Bayreuth. He analyzes the differences of local and international standards. Therfore he concentrates on Indigenized Varieties of English that have spread in the recent decades and are also referred to as New Englishes. In the following he underlines the differences e. g. to non-native Englishes (pp275-277). Anchimbe proves that the variation of English is not only based on misconception but â€Å"asymmetrical power relations as well as social constructs sustained through colonially-inherited discourses† (p. 84). Also, to him it is inevitable that the language of English changes like everything in the progress of globalization. All in all the contributions to the book are more than satisfactory concerning the actual goal announced by Sharifian in the introduction. However, it is sometimes hard for the reader to draw the connection between goal and entry of the book. The single texts are easy to approach and combine statistical research with comprehensible conclusions. Another point that is well done, is the fact that all texts are written from different authors from different parts of the world. This is of course necessary for a book that researches international facts in English, still the range of countries taken into consideration is remarkable. One point that does not succeed is the division into different chapters and parts. First of all it really confusing regarding the fact that there are so many texts. Also the division does not make sense because many texts have similar approaches and goals and are still not part of the same chapter. In comparison to other linguisitic books of research the topic is rather detailed. Therefore some entries appear to repeat many facts from each other. Still, by taking a closer look to the chapters, it becomes clear that every author uses the points for different ways of arguing in favor or against his topic. I think this book would make a great contribution to every language class. It shows that English is not only substantial in English speaking countries, but all over the world due to economy and culture and the influences of globalization.

PepsiCo and Coca-Colas Essay Example

PepsiCo and Coca PepsiCo and Coca-Colas Paper PepsiCo and Coca-Colas Paper Essay Topic: Marketing The purpose of this report is to analyze and learn from PepsiCo and Coca-Colas entry into the Indian market. It involves many international marketing aspects, including the impacts of Indias political environment on both companies success causing them to enter at different times result in different effects, to respond in many ways to the enormity of India, discuss their glocalization strategies and Coca-Colas mistakes in India. Political environment in India For the government of India fulfilled some austere trade policies, rules and regulations before the year 1990, PepsiCo and Coca-Colas entry into the Indian market was its political environment as a result of major obstacle. Indian government was only interested in the high-tech sectors for foreign investment. It was almost entirely prohibited to invest customer goods sectors. That was Principle of Indigenous Availability, which policy banning imports being sold in India. Due to this political environment, Coca-Cola had withdrawn from the Indian market in 1977. The new government of India was founded in June 1991. In order to expand liberalization of the Indian economy, new government introduced some new industrial policies, such as bureaucracy and regulation to foreign direct investment. These policies intended to dismantle complicated trade rules and regulations, foreign investment increased dramatically, beneficiary industries included processed foods, software, engineering plastics, electronic equipment, power generation and petroleum generation. Pepsi and Coca-Cola were required many India laws, for example, foreign businesses were prohibited use of foreign brand names on products selling within the Indian market. Therefore, Pepsi became Lehar Pepsi, Coco-Cola became Coca-Cola India. Also, designed as obstacles to impede foreign business, for example, sales of soft drink concentrate to local bottlers could not exceed 25 per cent of total sales for the new venture. Because of the lack of consistency in the legal environment, Coco-Cola agreed to sell off 49% of its stocks to Indian investors as a condition of entering in order to buy out Indian bottlers in 2002. It was most controversial agreement. Because of this time limit had been extended once already, Coca-Cola asked for a second extension that would delay it until 2007 was refused. Coco-Cola though by the Foreign Investment Promotion Board wanted to block the votes of the Indian shareholders who would control 49% of Coca-Cola. But all previous lobbying became useless. The government of India lacked solid institutions leading to corruption. In contrast to Coca-Cola, Pepsi had entered India in a different year under a different set of rules. The above of these effects could not be anticipated prior to Indian market entry. The political environment was inconsistent with some policies and laws. Indias emerging market is a lacking of harmony. It mixed with discordant tones. The interest clashed with Indian government. These interests often were conflict with some political issues. These policies were often related to economic, environment and social problems. Resolving these problems was in the interests of whom including a large number of consumers, environmentalists and lobbies. Accordingly, foreign companies wanted to enter Indian market successfully that usually required carefully. It must be consider all the stringent rules and local policies, for instance equity stakes under the new rules from 40 per cent to 51 per cent. Local have a free media and democratic political system. These will be beneficial to support or protest behavior for many long-established international companies. For Coco-Cola, it could only agree to start new bottling plants instead of buying out Parle, and thus had to agree to sell 49% of equity. Pepsi was not held to a disinvestment rule because it had opted to set up several bottling units. Timing of entry into the Indian market Earlier market entry PepsiCo lodged a joint venture application to enter India in July 1986. It had selected two local partners, Voltas and Punjab Agro. This application was approved under the name Pepsi Foods Ltd by the government of Rajiv Gandhi September 1988. In 1986, following Coca-Colas departure, Parle became the market leader in India. The local main competitors were only Parle and Pure. In addition to the demand for carbonated drink in Indian was very low, in 1989, the average Indian was buying only three bottles a year. Advantages Due to lacking of Indias competitiveness in soft drinks industry, PepsiCos entry would enhance competitive advantage and promote the development of soft drinks in Indian market. It could be helpful to find more opportunities for PepsiCo. Many opportunities for the Indian market contributed to the development of enterprise. Pepsi had learnt from the experiences of Coca-Cola. Pepsi seized the Indian market as soon as possible. Through the adoption of measures, the use of joint venture with local groups to lobby the Indian government. Thus PepsiCo would be easier to build up their reputation and loyalty to associate with establishing priorities. In possession of good honor and admire, the degree of brand popularity was greater of the other competitors. The continuous development of PepsiCo was able to gain a foothold in the market before Coco-Cola entered the market. Pepsi gained 26% market share by 1993. Disadvantages The development of PepsiCo became more slowly due to infrastructure was not enough imperfections in early India. The crumbling infrastructure also improved the investment risks and costs at that time. The cost of exploration greatly increased influenced by Indias political environment. For example, Pepsi was forced to change their name to Lehar Pepsi. Also, Indian government limited their drink sales to less than 25% of total sales. This policy would help PepsiCo to struggle to fight off local competitions. Later marketing entry Coca-Cola Corporation had been present in the Indian market from 1958 until its withdrawal in 1977. Due to the government of India require Coca-Cola hand over its secret formula for the syrup so that it chose to leave India rather than cut its equity stake to 40 per cent. At that time there were many opportunities for the Indian market. The Coca-Cola inevitably became the market leader. But Coca-Cola was only a distant memory to most Indians. In spite of that Coca-Cola succeeded creating a 100%-owned soft drinks company (Coca-Cola India) in 1993 and then ultimately aligning with the Indian market leader (Parle) in June 1993. Advantages At this time the Indian market has already a relatively sound infrastructure so that Coca-Colas investment risk reduced. In July 1993, Coca-Cola was able to buy 4 bottling plants from industry leader Parle. Coca-Cola also bought Parles leading brands including Thums UP, Limca, Citra, Gold Spot and Mazza. Later Coca-Cola again set up 2 new ventures with Parle to bottle and market products. By 2002, Coca-Cola owned 30 bottling plants, 10 franchisees and held a 56 per cent market share of the national soft drink market in India. The Coca-Cola once again was market leader. Disadvantages The capacity of the soft drink market in India was becoming smaller increasingly. Coca-Cola the twice to return to the Indian market in 1993, but faced Indian beverage market is old rival PepsiCo. In May 1990, the government of India has also been turned down Coca-Cola just as Pepsi was approved. Hence, Coca-Cola had difficultly to establish market share with PepsiCo there. Obstruction by the policy, Coca-Cola was not allowed to buy back 49% of equity. So it did not relate very well to the government of India. Furthermore, Coca-Cola had reported losses in India since its return there in 1993. Responses to the sheer scale of operations in India Pepsi and coca-cola responded in many ways to the enormity of India in terms of population and geography. The following is about the sheer scale of operations ways. Product policies In order to cater to Indian consumer tastes, PepsiCo and Coca-Cola launched different products. Entering with products closed to those already available in India, such as colas, fruit drinks and carbonated waters. They used a variety of tastes and created multi-brand strategy. In order to encourage growth in demand for bottled beverages in the Indian market, introducing new products such as bottled ware (Coca-Colas brand is Kinley and Pepsi Foods brand is Aquafina). They launched their own brand in a new category, such as clear lime category (Coke-Sprite, Pepsi-7UP). Coco-Cola merged with Parle and two new ventures set up to bottling plants and both companies products. Promotional activities Both PepsiCo and Coca-Cola used advertising and promotional strategy in India. During the cultural festival of Navrartri, PepsiCo sponsored Navrartri celebration in annual. Some promotion ways, every refill of a case of Pepsi gave away one kilo of Basmati rice or a packet of Kit-Kat and Polos candy free. Coco-Cola offered free passes, coke giveaways as well as vacations to Goa. They used seasonal sales promotions and the success of their seasonal advertising campaigns through researching marketing in different campaigns and areas of India. The successful promotions included Pepsis sponsorship of cricket and football from the world cup. Coca-Colas lifestyle advertising as a method of building brand loyalty among its target market: India A appealed to young urbanites; India B appealed to rural areas. Coca-Cola used of local characteristics and to introduce new Mini size to launch the affordability plank campaign. Pricing policies Coco-cola reduced prices by 15%-25% to encourage consumption to try to compete with Pepsi and gain market share in 2003. Through the introduction of a mini size by Coca-Cola increased total volume of sales. Pepsi was forced to match these price reductions. It introduced returnable glass bottles for customers to recoup costs. Pepsi started out with an aggressive pricing policy to try to get immediate market share from Indian competitors Distribution arrangements The demand grew with the increase of the value of regions and customers, along with new products were added. Both Coca-Cola and PepsiCo were able to gain market share. Coca-Colas production plants and bottling centers placed in large cities all around India, such as Delhi, Mumbai, Ahmedabad and Surat. PepsiCos marketing and distribution were focused in the north and west around the major cities of Delhi and Mumbai. Coca-Cola and Pepsis Glocalization Glocalization refer to globalization and localization. Make use of the product or service global meet consumer in a local market, in order to emphasize that the globalization of product or service is more likely to succeed if they adapted specifically to each locality or culture. PepsiCo and Coca-Cola both companies have successfully implemented glocalization. Pepsis Glocalization PepsiCo lodged a joint venture application to enter India with two local partners, Voltas and Punjab Agro, and forming Pepsi Foods Ltd in 1988. In 1990, Pepsi Food products were promoted under the name Lehar Pepsi to conform with foreign collaboration rules. After that Pepsi launched its Lehar 7UP in the clear lemon category in keeping with local tastes. PepsiCo was also actively integrated into the Indian cultural festival. Navrartri is a traditional festival held in the town of Gujarat which lasts for nine days. During the cultural festival of Navrartri, PepsiCo used advertising to promote their products. PepsiCos most effective glocalization strategy had been sponsoring world famous Indian sports events, such as cricket and football. Coco-Colas Golcalization By 1993, Coca-Cola formed alliance with the market leader Parle made four major cities (Delhi, Mumbai, Ahmedabad and Surat) in bottling plants and five major leading brands. During the culture festival of Navrartri, Coco-Colas free passes issued to the celebration in each of Thums Up bottles. Also offered special promotions where people could win free vacations to Goa. Coco-Cola also hired several famous Bollywood actors to publicize their products. Those commercials were impressive. Coca-Cola Indias mistakes Coca-Cola entered Indian market at the wrong time. Due to entering at that time, Coca-Cola must agree to abide by all the Foreign Investment Laws and the political environment in India, such as local stringent conditions, foreign collaboration rules, prohibited use of foreign brand names and disinvestment clause and so on. In January 2002, Coco-cola India wanted to expand investment, but the Indian government provides that the company must be the original 100% owned holding company (HCCHPL), of which 49% of equity sold to the local investment within two years as a condition. Since then Coco-Cola had asked for extensions twice, Indian government granted the first extension, but denied the second. Coco-Cola India tried to deny voting rights to its new Indian shareholders. But FIPB denies this again. Coca-Cola India repeatedly required to reduce disinvestment rule requirements in order to allow Indians into the industry, and expectations delist their shares altogether, effectively making their Indian operations wholly owned subsidiaries. Coco-Cola should not have tried to weasel their way out of promises. These mistakes hurt Coca-Colas image and reputation as an International company. Coca-Cola should set the pace for the entire multinational company. Coco-cola should have been more careful to wait patiently when it entered the Indian market and Coca-Cola was a promising. Conclusion In conclusion, PepsiCo and Coca-Cola had succeeded to enter Indian market and to implement glocalization to adapt the local culture. Through to research the market and trends prior to entering the Indian market, they had been fully aware of the history, geography, political, and legal considerations. Some key lessons can use the experience of Coca-Cola and PepsiCo for reference. It is worthy of learning from some companies as it contemplates entry into other big emerging markets. These are many active approaches can take to help ensure success in the foreign market.

rev Week 6 Final Paper

rev Week 6 Final Paper rev Week 6 Final Paper Space Age Furniture Problem University Name Abstract The Space Age Furniture Company appropriated a requisition of 1000 Gemini furniture pieces and an alternate for 1000 Saturn furniture pieces. The unit that will generate they said units is equipped for gathering the handling of the requested products, however the quandary is the accessibility of a gifted worker who can proficiently work the extraordinary machine required in the processing of a particular part to finish an unit. The main mechanic of the organization can prepare 30 bits of said part in a hour, 240 pieces in a general 8 hour work day, or what added up to 1,200 pieces in a 5 working days for every week. Anyhow to take care of the demand of the customer for a particular date of conveyance, 2,000 units must be made in one week. Ed, the main gifted machine admin is hesitant to work more extra minutes. In this way, the furniture organization is confronted with the issue of conveying the requested units asked for by the customer on a particular date and influencing Ed to work additional minutes throughout the whole weeks of processing. The organization has one week lead opportunity to transform both requested items. Space Age Furniture Problem Struggling to meet the client satisfaction, by effectively balancing production of goods with employee contentment is always a problem to producers of goods. Take the case of Space Age Furniture Company. The company has only one machine operator who can operate the special lathe that will produce part number 3079 needed in the completion of both Genesis 425 and Saturn 257, part 3079 is essential in the production of both commissioned products. But this essential part is only produced by the special lathe which only Ed can skillfully operate. With Ed opting to work the regular shift, 8 hours in five regular working days, only 1,200 pieces will be made in a week. But with the higher demand for the products and the time element included in the order, more of part 3079 must be produced per day which would translate to overtime work for Ed, if he agrees to it. Hiring another machinist to take over the production after Ed’s shift ends, may yet solve the p roblem but the special lathe requires a highly skilled operator like Ed, to work it efficiently, and not a lot of Ed’s caliber can be immediately hired to do the work. Another alternative is a training anew operator, but that will not be good option, considering that the new recruit may not turn out to be as skilled as Ed. â€Å"With Coral, the operations manager of the company is tasked to address the problem of solving the timely and efficient production of the specific part without the burden of overtime to the only available operator of the lathe† (Gallego G, 2011) Detailed study of demand must be studied comprehensively, that is, in the total of 2,000 units of part 3,079 that must be produced to meet both orders, 1,000 sub-assemblies is for Saturn 257 and the other 1,000 sub-assemblies is for Genesis 435. Every assembly unit is generated by Ed at pretty nearly 0.03 hours, or an unit at regular intervals, 30 gathering units each hour, in an eight hours shift 240 units, so in 5 days and with a 8 hours shift a day, 1200 sub get together units will be processed in a week. Ed, the engineer, supposes whatever he can process is the greatest 1200 sub gathering parts for the week, in any case, 2000 parts or an overabundance of 800 sub get together parts must be processed without much fanfare, which implies that 26.6 hours of extra minutes work must be rendered to take care of the demand of the employment request. The organization has an one week lead opportunity to transform the requested furniture, so what the operations chief needs to do is let Ed produce the greatest number of the aforementioned parts without doing extra time work expecting that the organization has not yet accepted the requests. The prepared parts might then be the organization's stock that might

A Lesson Before Dying

He tagged along with two men who were on their way to a liquor store. The storeowner began arguing with them, and a shootout occurred. The storeowner and the two men died, and Jefferson was left at the scene of the crime alone with the gun. He was arrested and tried for murder. Jefferson’s lawyer argues in court that Jefferson is nothing but a hog, and therefore incapable of committing such a crime. The jury still brings back a guilty verdict. Upon hearing the lawyer’s speech, Jefferson’s godmother, Miss Emma, wishes for Jefferson to die like a man, not a hog. She asks Grant for help, as he is an educated man. He despises the wrongdoings done to his fellow black men, but he does not want to get involved in Jefferson’s case. However, after immense amounts of force from his aunt Lou, he agrees to try to help Jefferson. Jefferson resists Grant’s attempts to reach him. Grant spends many uncomfortable visits in the cell with Jefferson. When Grant attempts to teach Jefferson about dignity, Jefferson insists that dignity is for humans, not hogs. He imitates a hog and tries to anger Grant with ignorance, but Grant keeps his cool. Each visit ends in failure, but Grant continues to try to reach Jefferson. On his fourth visit, Grant gets Jefferson’s attention with a conversation about his final meal. Jefferson admits that he wants a gallon of ice cream because he almost never had any. This conversation begins to break down the barrier between Grant and Jefferson. Grant buys Jefferson a small radio and brings him a notebook to write down whatever thoughts come to his mind. Jefferson promises that he will, and by Grant’s next visit, Jefferson has filled a page with thoughts on the difference between hogs and men. Amidst Grant’s visits with Jefferson, he regularly visits with his girlfriend Vivian for advice and comfort. Grant continually suggests that they run away from their hometown and their past in the South. The Reverend Ambrose is unable to reach Jefferson, and instead asks Grant to save Jefferson’s character and soul. Jefferson asks Grant if he believes in heaven and Grant replies that he does not, but his atheism does not make him a good man. In fact, Jefferson will save even Grant’s soul if he carries the cross like Jesus did. Grant explains that the blacks in the quarter have always been enslaved to white men, and that when Jefferson was called a hog, the entire black community was degraded even more. Now, Jefferson has the opportunity to stand up for his race. In March, the governor sets the execution date for two weeks after Easter. People young and old from the quarter come to Jefferson’s cell to speak to him. Jefferson realizes that he has become much more than an ordinary man, let alone a hog, and that his death will represent much more than he thought. Grant cannot find it in himself to attend the execution. At the time of the execution, he orders his students to kneel at their desks and pray for Jefferson. After the execution is over, Grant finds himself numb, heavyhearted, and crying. The protagonist and narrator of the novel is an African American school teacher in his twenties. Grant is intelligent and witty, but also a bit hypocritical and depressed. Spending his life in an extremely racist community has made him bitter. He has no faith in himself, society, or his religion-or lack thereof. He does not believe anything will ever change in the south, and that escape is the only option. He fears getting involved in possible lost causes. This attitude makes him demean responsibility, and he is testy against his aunt for forcing him to help Jefferson. Over the span of the novel, however, he learns to accept responsibility for himself, for his actions towards other people, and for his role as an educator and leader for change in his community. An honest, quiet, young black man of below-average intelligence, Jefferson is a normal citizen of Bayou. When his lawyer calls him a â€Å"hog,† Jefferson takes the name to heart and begins to consider himself a lowly barn animal far less than any human being. He becomes withdrawn and sulky, accepting his death sentence and therefore becoming a symbol of his oppressed people. Grant tries many times to fix Jefferson’s mental state. He believes that Jefferson can become the positive change the black community needs. One of the many themes in A Lesson Before Dying is redemption of one’s death. With its consistent references to Jesus Christ and his crucifixion, this novel implies that a man’s death can be a meaningful and even uplifting to a struggling community. Jefferson has had a quiet life, working as a plantation worker for years and never misbehaving. When convicted for a crime he did not commit, Jefferson is acting like the animal the whites think him. However, his death sentence liberates him, and he finds the strength of the Lord. By the end of the novel, Jefferson understands that by dying like a man, he is more of a man than any of the white men who wrongfully convicted him of murder. He knows that by refusing to surrender his morality in his final moments, he will uplift his community. For these reasons, he walks to his execution with his head up, and witnesses say he is the strongest man in the room. A Lesson Before Dying is a very inspiring novel for many young people on how their lives and the way they carry themselves affects their community. Gaines used commonly spoken southern dialogue in his novel to portray the characters in a very life-like and historical sense. Although the general aspect of the theme was well played throughout the whole story, Gaines’ pacing was entirely too slow for my taste. It seemed like the first fifteen chapters where very repetitive. Grant basically is arguing every chapter with Tante Lou about seeing Jefferson. The book could’ve been reduced in chapter size significantly. Once Grant started going to see Jefferson, however, the plot and action in the story started rolling.

Productivity and Cost Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Productivity and Cost - Essay Example â€Å"In the long run there is a positive relationship between improvements in labor productivity and the real wages paid to labor as a factor of production. Millions of employees in the modern labor market have some element of performance-related pay in their overall earnings package.†(Gain from Higher Productivity, Higher Real Wages). Productivity of labor is number of unit production per day. In a strategic production decision high production output with lover number of labor is more benefit for organization in this type of production strategy will helps both the organization and labor. Management firstly identifies each labor’s productivity to determine in which area they can work more effectively, and properly split the production process. Then they allot each labor the work of their area of expertise. This type of production method can help the organization to achieve maximum output and laborers can earn more wages. It will also help in increasing the marginal productivity of labor and marginal cost is decreased. Example: A clothing company has 10 labors each labors productivity is 3 shirts per day total productivity is 30 shirts in a day. When these jobs are split into different processes and allotted to each labor depending on their skilled area it will result in an increase in the total production a nd fixed cost incurred per unit will decrease. This production method helps to reduce the cost of production. Wage also depends on the demand and supply of labor. High availability of labor may cause a decrease in wage and higher demand for labor can cause increase in wage. Labor productivity also relates to organization’s total cost of production. Costs including fixed and variable cost also relate to labor productivity. A firm’s strategy for reducing their cost of production by resorting to high productivity labor can make

Lean improvement techniques Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Lean improvement techniques - Case Study Example A business today uses the measuring stick of profitability. There needs to be a shift to the thinking of total utility for the social community in order to weigh business decisions. Opponents would argue that this is a long-term plan that requires too many radical changes in the face of business. Also, there is no way that an industry wide standard can be set since there are too many types of corporations. Plus, companies have different needs and every moral rule is subjective according to the type of business that everyone conducts. Although there are no industry standards that are feasible, it is possible for every company to examine their practices as well as the attitude of their employees. There will be companies that find that they are doing fine with employees that are aware of their moral values. Yet other companies will find that they do have areas that need improvement. It is steps like these that start implementing changes. Once a few companies start to see the benefits of changes, it can help to encourage other companies to follow suit. After all, mistakes in one department can cause the deterioration of an entire corporation. When the costs that are possible are taken into account, the changes required to rectify this are small in comparison. Purpose, People, Planet, Probity (or Purity or Principles): 4 P model This 4 P model is not a process or technique - it's the character or personality of a good ethical manager or leader or organization. The four corner stones of sustainable success in any modern business venture, and is a maxim for today's management and organizational philosophy. Probity means honesty, uprightness - it's from the Latin word probus, meaning good. 'Purpose' is an apt replacement for 'Profit' and thus makes the acronym appropriate for use in not-for-profit organizations. Profit-focused corporations can of course substitute 'Profit' for 'Purpose'. The aim of all good modern organizations is to reconcile the organizational purpose (whether this be profit for shareholders, or cost-effective services delivery, in the case of public services) with the needs and feelings of people (staff, customers, suppliers, local communities, stakeholders, etc) with proper consideration for the planet - the world we live in (in terms of sustainability, environment, wildlife, natural resources, our heritage, 'fair trade', other cultures and societies, etc) and at all times acting with probity - encompassing love, integrity, compassion, honesty, and truth. Probity enables the other potentially conflicting aims to be harmonised so that the mix is sustainable, ethical and successful. Traditional inward-looking management and leadership skills (which historically considered only the purpose - typically profit - and the methods for achieving it) are no longer sufficient for sustainable organizational success. Organizations have a far wider agenda today. Moreover, performance, behaviour and standards are transparent globally - the whole world can see and judge how leaders and organizations behave - and the modern leader must now lead with this global accountability. From a

Hypothetical population Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hypothetical population - Essay Example Even so, the genetic equilibrium idea forms a primary principle or rule of population genetics, which provides a baseline for determining genetic change. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium concept has a variety of names, which include HWP, Hardy-Weinberg law, or HWE. Despite the principle being applicable mostly in hypothetical cases, the equations of the principle can be used fundamentally to determine vital but hard-to- measure facts regarding a population. In a case where mating is by chance (random) in a huge population having no disruptive conditions, the principle forecasts that both allele and genotype frequencies will remain constant owing to the fact that they are in equilibrium (Nature Education). Assuming that the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assumptions are met the calculation for the following hypothetical population is determined. p2 in this equation will be equal to the part (fraction) of the population that is homozygous for p and q2 being equal to the fraction of the population that is homozygous for q while 2pq equals the fraction of the population that forms the heterozygotes. Using the information from the calculation to explain the occurrences in the hypothetical population, it is realized that the recessive gene in most cases is never lost from a given population irrespective of how tiny the gene is represented. Therefore, gene ratios and gene frequencies in a randomly-breeding population usually remain constant from a single generation to another. Evolution comprises of changes within the population gene pool. However, in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium a population indicates no particular change. What the principle suggests is that populations can maintain a variability reservoir so that in case the future conditions need it, then the gene pool changes. In a case where the recessive alleles were disappearing continually, the population would become homozygous soon. Thus, under the conditions of

Roman Games and their Role in Ancient Rome Research Paper

Roman Games and their Role in Ancient Rome - Research Paper Example While the different types of games including horse racing, gladiatorial combat and so on, all emerged from different origins, each had two important functions: to provide entertainment and titillation to the population, keeping them happy to be part of the Pax Romana and establishing aspects of Roman culture and rule across the breadth of the giant Empire, and as a commercial venture for those involved. There were two major types of games held during the Roman era: chariot racing and gladiatorial combat. Both were immensely popular, but chariot racing was one somewhat more common than gladiatorial games (Romano 387), partly because of the cost of the gladiatorial games, which could often end with an incredibly expensive and well trained slave being wounded or even killed. It is estimated that at their height, there were twenty-four races a day on sixty-six days of the year, meaning that races were relatively common but still rare enough to be of great entertainment value (Bennet 42). Chariot races would consist of several competitors racing in an oval around central pier in a building called a circus or, after the Greek fashion, a hippodrome. Roman chariot racing evolved from the Greek practice, which had been ongoing for centuries, with a recorded history dating back to the first Panhellenic games (Levick 117). Though the Roman one was probably adapted from the Etruscan adaption of Greek racing, it was also probably directly influenced by the Greek practice (Matz 33). While the evolution of Roman chariot racing evolved slowly over many centuries, and has distinctive origins that are somewhat difficult to trace, the origins of gladiatorial games, which involved two slaves fighting each other for public entertainment, are a bit clearer. It seems that it was an Etruscan religious practice amongst the wealthiest people in society to hold funerary games to send off the dead: perhaps to give them a companion to accompany them to the underworld (Minowa 89). These the n began to be a part of traditional religious practices during the Roman ludi (games), which were massive week long festivals that would also include dramatic performances, religious festivities honoring Jupiter, music, and other activities (including chariot racing) (Plecket 160). Gladiatorial combats were also held by various wealthy and/or powerful Romans (people were rarely one without being the other) for various reasons, including celebrating an event like a military victory, ascension to a position and so on (Tataki 369). While the origins of both chariot racing and gladiatorial games are somewhat obscure and debated, their role in Roman society is relatively clear. The Roman state, and the people who ran it, saw games as part of their patrician obligation to their populace (Boatwright 190). They would keep the population happy and entertained as well as thankful to the Roman state. This was true of games that were held as a part of ludi, which also had religious significance , as well as one-off games that were often more explicitly designed for entertainment. Furthermore, amphitheaters and circi were often installed in smaller cities in Roman provinces, making their connection with the Roman state strong and centralizing the importance of Roman culture that might be quite distant from its centre, Rome (Carter 300). This all plays a central part of the Roman character, the idea

Revolutionizing the Retail Sector Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Revolutionizing the Retail Sector - Case Study Example This system enabled merchants to changeover only parts that needed upgrade unlike the whole system in previous system. Motherboard and hard disk are removable for maintenance and upgrading to match with the latest and high performance blade. This makes retailers easily acquire high performance technologies while keeping conformations and fixings. This design decreased downtime and minimized cost and maintenance time. Blades can power and connect a variety of devices that enabled retailers to try new technologies while in store (Parry, 2011). These solutions offered by DigiPoS, are advantageous to the retailers compared to the later system that did shut down for a complete changeover. Changing the only parts of a system which needs upgrade is a great achievement as it allows the retailers continue serving their customer and no losses due to change over or loss of reputation. Since DigiPoS produced both hardware and software, an alternative of implementing the new technology could be, have a robust type of hardware that most software upgrades could not affect the performance of the whole system (Parry, 2011). DigiPoS could have made the hardware energy efficient with the required high technology capabilities and customize their software to offer solutions to the upgrade of their system unlike the hardware upgrades which caused closure of retailers businesses due to changeover of systems. This can be a good solution to the issue of upgrade. Make software upgrades match with the latest technology and only upgrade hardware at rare conditions with backups to enable retailers continue with their businesses unlike the later where they had to shut down for each upgrade. Most a times, upgrade of software does not affect much the performance of a system though change of configurations and compatibility might change. Quantum blade system is an upgrade of retail blade system with increased power efficiency and increased performance. Quantum blade runs on SSD made by Intel c ompared to retail blade that used rotating hard disk drives. These SSD used in quantum blade systems has no spinning parts and this increases the reliability and productivity of the systems. Quantum blade has a 60% reduction of power consumption compared to retail blade that increases the return on investment. Unlike retail blade systems, quantum blade have reduced carbon footprint, which saves a lot of cost. With better heat dissipation, there is a further decrease of the cost of ownership with the quantum blade systems. Quantum has a 30 percent increase in performance compared to the retail blade due to the introduction of the new processor. The storage of data in quantum has increased volumes due to flash drives added compared to retails blade (Digipos, 2013). Both quantum and retail blade systems have low consumption of power and decreased downtime. They also offer little time for upgrade or replacement as hard disk, power supply, and motherboard in both technologies. Furthermor e, both have a higher reliability due to the fan less power supply and capability of connecting a variety of devices powered by the Blade. Data storage and diagnostics due to the use of diskette on component flash drives. In addition, both systems have the capability of mounting on different locations depending on retailer’s wish (DigiPoS Store Solutions, 2013). Several methods said to help reduce the cost of owner

Hypothetical population Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hypothetical population - Essay Example Even so, the genetic equilibrium idea forms a primary principle or rule of population genetics, which provides a baseline for determining genetic change. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium concept has a variety of names, which include HWP, Hardy-Weinberg law, or HWE. Despite the principle being applicable mostly in hypothetical cases, the equations of the principle can be used fundamentally to determine vital but hard-to- measure facts regarding a population. In a case where mating is by chance (random) in a huge population having no disruptive conditions, the principle forecasts that both allele and genotype frequencies will remain constant owing to the fact that they are in equilibrium (Nature Education). Assuming that the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assumptions are met the calculation for the following hypothetical population is determined. p2 in this equation will be equal to the part (fraction) of the population that is homozygous for p and q2 being equal to the fraction of the population that is homozygous for q while 2pq equals the fraction of the population that forms the heterozygotes. Using the information from the calculation to explain the occurrences in the hypothetical population, it is realized that the recessive gene in most cases is never lost from a given population irrespective of how tiny the gene is represented. Therefore, gene ratios and gene frequencies in a randomly-breeding population usually remain constant from a single generation to another. Evolution comprises of changes within the population gene pool. However, in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium a population indicates no particular change. What the principle suggests is that populations can maintain a variability reservoir so that in case the future conditions need it, then the gene pool changes. In a case where the recessive alleles were disappearing continually, the population would become homozygous soon. Thus, under the conditions of

Revolutionizing the Retail Sector Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Revolutionizing the Retail Sector - Case Study Example This system enabled merchants to changeover only parts that needed upgrade unlike the whole system in previous system. Motherboard and hard disk are removable for maintenance and upgrading to match with the latest and high performance blade. This makes retailers easily acquire high performance technologies while keeping conformations and fixings. This design decreased downtime and minimized cost and maintenance time. Blades can power and connect a variety of devices that enabled retailers to try new technologies while in store (Parry, 2011). These solutions offered by DigiPoS, are advantageous to the retailers compared to the later system that did shut down for a complete changeover. Changing the only parts of a system which needs upgrade is a great achievement as it allows the retailers continue serving their customer and no losses due to change over or loss of reputation. Since DigiPoS produced both hardware and software, an alternative of implementing the new technology could be, have a robust type of hardware that most software upgrades could not affect the performance of the whole system (Parry, 2011). DigiPoS could have made the hardware energy efficient with the required high technology capabilities and customize their software to offer solutions to the upgrade of their system unlike the hardware upgrades which caused closure of retailers businesses due to changeover of systems. This can be a good solution to the issue of upgrade. Make software upgrades match with the latest technology and only upgrade hardware at rare conditions with backups to enable retailers continue with their businesses unlike the later where they had to shut down for each upgrade. Most a times, upgrade of software does not affect much the performance of a system though change of configurations and compatibility might change. Quantum blade system is an upgrade of retail blade system with increased power efficiency and increased performance. Quantum blade runs on SSD made by Intel c ompared to retail blade that used rotating hard disk drives. These SSD used in quantum blade systems has no spinning parts and this increases the reliability and productivity of the systems. Quantum blade has a 60% reduction of power consumption compared to retail blade that increases the return on investment. Unlike retail blade systems, quantum blade have reduced carbon footprint, which saves a lot of cost. With better heat dissipation, there is a further decrease of the cost of ownership with the quantum blade systems. Quantum has a 30 percent increase in performance compared to the retail blade due to the introduction of the new processor. The storage of data in quantum has increased volumes due to flash drives added compared to retails blade (Digipos, 2013). Both quantum and retail blade systems have low consumption of power and decreased downtime. They also offer little time for upgrade or replacement as hard disk, power supply, and motherboard in both technologies. Furthermor e, both have a higher reliability due to the fan less power supply and capability of connecting a variety of devices powered by the Blade. Data storage and diagnostics due to the use of diskette on component flash drives. In addition, both systems have the capability of mounting on different locations depending on retailer’s wish (DigiPoS Store Solutions, 2013). Several methods said to help reduce the cost of owner

Male vs Female Crime Rates Essay Example for Free

Male vs Female Crime Rates Essay Statistics indicate that men are more likely to commit crime than women. For example, in 2002 80% of known offenders (481,000+) were men. As there are a number of problems with the reliability and validity of statistics, an alternative to information are self-report studies. These are anonymous and some believe because they all but guarantee anonymity they encourage respondents to be more truthful than if they were involved in an interview. In the past, sociologists tended to pay attention to only males committing crimes and ignored gender differences. This began to change in the 1970’s when feminists such as Carol Smart looked into woman and crime and began to ask questions such as: †¢ Why do woman commit fewer crimes than men? †¢ Why are woman more likely to commit to social norms compared to men? †¢ Is there anything distinctive about a womans experience as an offenders and as victims of crime? †¢ Are woman treated differently than men in the justice system? There is now an agreement within sociology that when studying crime and deviance we must take into account gender. This means we must also ask questions about men. What is the relationship between crime and masculinity? Sex role theory: this theory argues that boys and girls are socialized differently, therefore resulting in boys becoming more delinquent. There are different versions of this theory. Edwin Sutherland (1949) stated that there are clear gender differences when it comes to socialization. Firstly, girls are more supervised and more strictly controlled. Secondly, boys are encouraged to take risks and to be tough and aggressive. Therefore, boys have more of an opportunity and an inclination to commit crime. Talcott Parsons (1995) believes that there are clear and obvious gender roles within the nuclear family. The father performs roles which show him to be more of the leader and provider, whilst the mother performs the expressive role of giving emotional support and socializing children. These roles are rooted from the birth of their children as mothers have to give birth and nurse children. Girls have a readily available female role model at home (their mother) whereas boys have less access to their male role model as traditionally the father was out at work for most of the time. Boys will be socialized largely by their mother and will tend to reject behavior that is seen as feminine as they compulsively pursue masculinity. Because of the emphasis on toughness and aggression this encourages anti-social behavior and delinquency. Albert Cohen (1955) believed that if boys don’t have that readily available role model, socialization can be a difficult process. Boys can experience anxiety about their identity as a young man and a solution for this is all male peer groups or street gangs. In these social contexts, aspects of masculinity can be expressed and rewarded. The idea of being tough and breaking rules can help to conform to the idea of masculinity. The feminist perspectives on who is involved in crime starts from the view that society is patriarchal and woman can only be understood under male dominance. Pat Carlen (1990) stated that a womans crimes can be known as ‘the crimes of the powerless’ as many woman who commit crimes are powerless in some way. For example, they live in poverty with little power to change the situation; as children they may have been badly treated and looked after, perhaps being abused by fathers. As adults they have often lived under the dominance of male partners who asserted control perhaps in the form of violence. After interviews with 39 woman aged 15 to 46 convicted of various offences, Carlen drew on the control theory – saying that woman turn to crime when the disadvantages outweigh the advantages. It appeared that the interviewed women turned to crime as a rational choice. Low paid work and unemployment had not led to the standard of living they hoped for, and living an unhappy life as children and as adults was very unfulfilling. Unrewarded by family and the workplace and with little power to change the situation, crime was a rational alternative. However, critics of Carlen claim that her sample of woman was too small to make generalized statements. Her research also suggests that conformity to social norms tends to break down when the rewards for doing so are absent. Conformity and control: According to Frances Heidensohn the striking thing about womans behaviour is their conformity to social norms. Taking in mind the control theory, women have more to lose than men if they deviate from social norms. And looking from a feminist view, she argues that in a male-dominated society the control of woman by men discourages deviance from norms. In the home and family, women still have the primary responsibility for raising children and taking on the domestic work. Their commitment to this also means they are committing to the conformity of the traditional mother-housewife role and socializing their children in terms of society’s norms and values. Women have been socialized to conform. Girls are more strictly supervised and given less freedom, they are expected to perform household duties. These expectations and control have been carried on into adult life. As adults, women are not only controlled by their childhood socialization but also by their male partners. Woman who challenge these traditional roles are often brought into line by men’s financial and physical power. According to Heidensohn, wife battering is an assertion of patriarchal authority. Womens socialization, domestic responsibilities plus the control imposed on them by men discourage the deviance from social norms. Their lives are centered on the home so they have less freedom to go out. As a result they have less inclination, less time and fewer opportunities to commit crime. Beyond the home a womans freedom to deviate from social norms is also limited in a number of ways; for example, some women do not want to go out after dark as they are in fear of getting attacked or raped by men. A young woman’s fear of being attacked by a stranger is five times greater than a young male’s. They are also less likely to deviate from norms of respectability for fear of being labeled promiscuous. In a working environment men are more likely than women to be in control, in positions such as supervisory or managerial roles, and surveys indicate that sexual harassment is common in the workplace and it is a further indication of male power and control which is often experienced as intimidating by women. Both inside and outside the home, there is pressure for woman to conform- and this is reinforced by male power. Crime and masculinities: Research into gender over the last 25 years has mainly been concerned with woman and crime as it was seen as a new topic after decades of research into men and crime. Feminists would focus on woman and men would enter the equation in terms of the control men had over woman. Researchers now recognize that there is another side to gender and crime and start to ask questions such as: Why are men more likely to commit crime than woman? And is there a relationship between male crime and masculinity? Gender identity is a vital part of the individual’s sense of self it is something that people accomplish. People are continuously trying to express and present their masculinity or femininity. And in relation to crime, you can say men commit crime as a means of constructing this masculinity to express to others and themselves. There are a number of different masculinities which are shaped by social class, ethnicity, age and sexual orientation. Men’s position in society provides them with different access to power and resources which leads to different constructions and expressions of masculinity – and this leads to different types of crime. The most dominant form of masculinity is known as hegemonic masculinity. It’s the most ideal form, which is defined through work in paid labour, the subordination of women, heterosexism and the uncontrollable sexuality of men. Most men wish to accomplish this. The alternative is subordinated masculinities. They include masculinities which develop in some ethnic minority and lower class groups and homosexual masculinity. Young middle-class white males are usually able to demonstrate some of the characteristics of hegemonic masculinity through success at school or college. But this comes at a price – subordination to teachers. Some assert their masculinity outside of school through vandalism, petty theft and heavy drinking. White working- class males are less likely to be successful in education. They sometimes resist school and construct their masculinity around physical aggression, anti-social behaviour, delinquency and some cases violence towards gays and members of ethnic minority groups. Lower working class men from ethnic minority groups with little expectation of educational success or secure employment sometimes assert their masculinity in street gangs. With little chance of accomplishing hegemonic masculinity by legitimate means, they are more likely to turn to robbery and serious property crime. Even middle class males who have the resources to accomplish hegemonic masculinity use crime to express masculinity. James Messerschmidt argues that white collar and corporate crime are not simply a means for profiting the individual or the organization. There are also a means of accomplishing hegemonic masculinity as a successful breadwinner and as an aggressive risk-taking male Working class crime in the workplace can also be seen as a means of accomplishing masculinity. Workers sometimes resist the authority of management by theft and industrial sabotage. Messerschmidt uses the example of African-Americans to illustrate a subordinated masculinity. Lower class African-Americans males often lack the resources to accomplish hegemonic masculinity. The pimp and hustler are long-established roles in African-American subculture and are often seen as an alternative to subordinated masculinity. The pimp looks after a number of prostitutes and lives of their earnings. With their expensive car, diamond rings and power over women, Messerschmidt argues that the pimp demonstrates a highly visible alternative masculinity to himself and others.

Analysis Of Arden Of Faversham

Analysis Of Arden Of Faversham As Arden of Faversham opens the audience is aware that the crime dramatised is a fait accompli; thus the bulk of the play is suspended between the perspicacity of Ardens murder and its inevitable realization. Several failed attempts are made to murder Arden and again in Scene xiii Arden escapes injury during his clash with Mosby. This extended deferment is crucial to the objectives of the play, permitting an exploration of both motives and character; exploring tensions surrounding the essence of marriage and Renaissance social structure, it demonstrates Alice as challenging the conventions of Elizabethan society through her standpoint on marriage and religion; and points to Arden as contradicting perceived male roles. Alice begins her seduction employing the language of lovers: thou and thee emphasis the intimacy of marriage in Alices first question: Couldst thou not see us friendly smile on thee? The adjective, simultaneously, an ironic clue to Alice and Mosbys true intentions. Continuing with her strategy of interrogation; Alice poses several rhetorical questions, diverting attention from her own indiscretion, to accuse Arden of imprudence and mistrust: Hast thou not lately found me over-kind? / Didst thou not hear me cry they murder thee? / Called I not help to set my husband free? The manipulation of sentence structure is reflective of Alices intensions; the pleonasm over-kind testament to Alices efforts to appease Arden whilst at the same time suggestive of the charade she is playing. The culminating rhyming couplet lays emphasis to both her attempt to engender Ardens trust and the link between her lack of sexual freedom and Arden. Confirming her disloyal nature, Alice is willing to allow Ard en to see Mosby, Shakebag and BlackWill as treacherous whilst she protests her innocence. The power dynamic at play here is reminiscent of the exchange between Alice and Mosby in Scene 1 Line 175 225; Alice cunning and manipulative works to dominate. Alices duplicity, both chilling and enthralling at the same time, is further enhanced by the fact that Alices role would have been played by a boy on the Elizabethan stage a reflection on how women were often presented by playwrights of the time. Lines 108 -111, heavily accented through antithesis and anaphora, too emphasise this duplicity: If I be merry, thou straightways thinks me light; If sad, thou sayest the sullens trouble me; If well attrired, thou thinks I will be gadding; If homely, I seem sluttish in thine eye. The parallel juxtaposition in each line allows Alice to present herself in a positive light as merry; sad; well attired and homely and then counter each declaration with an accusation that Arden regards her as light; sullen; gadding and sluttish. These are not accusations Arden has voiced against Alice but accusations Alice is charging him with making. The anaphoric repetition of the conjunctive marks the irony inherent in Alices presentation of these two versions of herself; antithesis emphasising the disparity between these two versions. Claiming that there is nothing she can do to change Ardens unjust opinion of her, Alice quick to play the victim, equates her life to a living death, heavily emphasised through rhyme and synecdoche: I seem sluttish in thine eye / Thus am I still, and shall be while I die, / Poor wench abused by thy misgovernment. Accusation Arden of treating her as if she were of a lower social standing, Alice claims she is ill-treated and poorly presided over; end ing the line with the word she most wants to stress her misgovernment; alluding to Ardens lack of authority as head of the household and, read in a boarder context, her thoughts on marriage. Love is God and marriage is but words, Alices words in Scene 1 Line 101-102 confirm that she believes love to be of greater significance than marriage; reinforced when she claims: Oaths are words, and words is wind. One of the principally explored themes in Arden of Faversham is the Renaissance perception of marriage. Alice likens her role as wife to that of slave: Henceforth Ill be thy slave, no more thy wife. Syntactic placement and rhythm lay further emphasis on the metaphor. The rhetoric of slavery is further expounded in line 105; the Paronomasia emphasising the imagery of a chain and Alice as enslaved by Arden. Alices exclamation here marks a tonal shift, her strategy changes from persuading Arden to doubt himself to a dramatic passionate outburst when she exclaims No, ears and all were witched. Ah me accursed, / To link in liking with a frantic man! Alices protestations are further embellished with an analogy to witchcraft, the syntax accursed at the end of the line emphasis ing Alices claim that she is cursed and chained, alliteration laying focus on her enslavement to a frantic man whos senses (ears) are bewitched. As Alice becomes more passionate so Arden becomes more compliant. Alliteration and rhythm stress the irony in line 107: For with that name I never shall content thee. On the one hand Alice claims Arden will never be content with her as a wife because what he really wants is a slave, but Alice too will never be content as long as she shares Ardens name. Alices challenge to marriage can be expounded to include Elizabethan ideology, a world view suspended from a strict social structure monarch as head of state; husband as head of the household. In Elizabethan England, to kill ones husband was a political crime; it struck to heart of Renaissance Ideology and questioned the Elizabethan patriarchal dominant configuration. Alices appeal to a need for sexual freedom is central to her motivation as upheld by her words in Scene 1 Line 274-276: But Mosbys love. / Might I without control / Enjoy thee still, then Arden should not die. On some level Alice holds not only Arden but Elizabethan society at large responsible for her transgressions; if she were not bound by a loveless marriage she would not be false, manipulative and murderous. In some respects this two reflects the idea that Arden is in some sense to blame for his own death. Alices response to Arden in line 116: The heavens can witness of our harmless thoughts would have been considered blasphemous by an Elizabethan audience. Again alliteration draws attention to Alices reference to heaven, and since the audience is aware of her falsehood also to her lack of reverence for all that the concept signifies; challenging ideas of providence. Challenges to the existing social order recur as a predominant thread throughout the play. An Elizabethan mans social standing could be influenced by his wifes chastity and sexual integrity; in light of this Arden would have been viewed as a Cuckold; implying public scandal and raising disquieting social and political intimation. Arden appears to be a fundamentally conflicted character as on the one hand he appears to be a naive cuckold, whilst on the other he is described as a man of affairs, worldly and proficient. Unremittingly ambitious, Arden is arrogant and regards his social standing above Mosby as proof that he is the better man. It is Mosbys taunting of Ardens horns which sparks the violent altercation immediately preceding this extract. Ardens motives speak to his true feelings for Alice; Arden does not fight Mosby to retain Alice, but rather to protect his social standing; lending justification to Alices notion of a loveless marriage. In this light Arden is show as both vi ctim and villain. Ardens response to Alices accusations is as Alice intended it to be, he doubts himself: But is it for truth that neither thou nor he / Intendedst malice in your misdemeanour? Alliteration highlights the contrast between malice and misdemeanour again there is the sense of weighing up the situation. Arden is convinced by Alices ploy; thereby confirming his Cuckoldry and apparent gullibility in the face of his wifes affair with Mosby. Arden would be seen by an Elizabethan viewer as relinquishing appropriate control of his household thereby committing a disloyalty to the conventional notion of masculine status and undermining social parameters. Ardens complacence raises questions as to his motives for assuaging Alice, appeasing her for the sake of her social standing and wealth, a consequence of his ambition and materialism. Alice describes Arden as frantic a man distracted by emotion might Alice here be referring not only to Ardens suspicions but also to his pursui t of materialism? Ardens situation is summed up in more ways than one in lines 117 -120. He implores Alice to pardon him and, stressed by alliteration, to forgive and forget his fault. Ironically his fault is not in accusing Alice but in forgiving her. He goes even further to suggest that Alice Impose [me] penance, and I will perform it, once more highlighted through alliteration; Alice plans to extract the ultimate penance from Arden, the irony further developed in lines 120-122, accentuated through the triplex: For in thy discontent I find a death, / A death tormenting more than death itself. It is precisely Ardens complacence and Alices discontent and that will lead to his death.